大亭碎碎念：需求彈性與價格彈性
大亭碎碎念：需求彈性與價格彈性
03：32
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今天大亭為大家帶來我的“需求彈性與價格彈性”，歡迎您的訪問。
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Dear you，this is the Learing Yard Academy！
Today， Dating will brings you my “Elasticity of demand and price”，Welcome your visit！
01
需求價格彈性及其決定因素
需求價格彈性衡量需求量對價格變動的反應程度，是一種物品需求量對其價格變動反應程度的衡量。如果一種物品的需求量對價格變動的反應大，可以說這種物品的需求是富有彈性的。如果一種物品的需求量對價格變動的反應小，可以說這種物品的需求是缺乏彈性的。
Price elasticity of demand measures the response of demand to price changes， which is a measure of the response of demand of goods to price changes。 If the demand for a kind of goods has a large response to price changes， it can be said that the demand for such goods is elastic。 If the demand for a kind of goods has little response to price changes， it can be said that the demand for such goods is inelastic。
什麼因素決定一種物品的需求富有彈性還是缺乏彈性呢？
必需品與奢侈品 必需品傾向於需求缺乏彈性，而奢侈品傾向於需求富有彈性。當看病的價格上升時，人們並不會大幅度地改變他們看病的次數。與此相比，當遊艇價格上升時，遊艇需求量會大幅度減少。
相近替代品的可獲得性 有相近替代品的物品往往較富有需求彈性。例如，黃油和人造黃油很容易互相替代。假設人造黃油的格不變，黃油價格上升，就會引起黃油銷售量大大減少。
市場的定義 範圍小的市場的需求彈性往往大於範圍大的市場，因為範圍小的市場上的物品更容易找到相近的代品。
時間的長短 當汽油價格上升時，在最初的幾個月中汽油的需求量略有減少。隨著時間推移，人們購買更省油的汽車，轉向公共交通，或遷移到離工作地方近的地點。在幾年之內，汽油的需求量會大幅度減少。
What factors determine whether the demand for a good is elastic or inelastic？
Necessities and luxury goods Necessities tend to be inelastic in demand， while luxury goods tend to be elastic in demand。 When the price of seeing a doctor rises， people will not significantly change the number of times they see a doctor。 In contrast， when the price of yachts rises， the demand for yachts will decrease significantly。
Availability of similar substitutes Articles with similar substitutes are often more elastic in demand。 For example， butter and margarine can easily replace each other。 Assuming that the price of margarine remains unchanged， the increase in the price of butter will lead to a significant decrease in the sales volume of butter。
The demand elasticity of a small market is often greater than that of a large market， because it is easier to find similar substitutes for goods in a small market。When the price of gasoline rises， the demand for gasoline decreases slightly in the first few months。 Over time， people buy more fuel-efficient cars， switch to public transport， or move closer to their workplaces。 Within a few years， the demand for gasoline will decrease significantly。
02
供給價格彈性及其決定因素
供給規律表明，價格上升供給量增加。如果供給量對價格變動的反應很大，這種物品的供給是富有彈性的。反之，這種物品的供給是缺乏彈性的。
The law of supply shows that the price rises and the supply increases。 If the supply quantity responds greatly to the price change， the supply of such goods is elastic。 On the contrary， the supply of such goods is inelastic。
物品產量的伸縮性 諸如書、汽車和電視這類製成品供給富有彈性，是因為生產這些物品的企業可以由於對價格上升作出反應而讓工廠更長時間地執行。
考慮時間長短 供給在長期中的彈性通常都大於短期。在短期中，企業不能輕易地改變他們工廠的規模來增加或減少一種物品的生產。在長期中，企業可以建立新工廠或關閉舊工廠。此外，新企業也可以進入一個市場，舊企業也可以關門。因此，在長期中供給量可以對價格作出相當大的反應。
The elasticity of the output of goods， such as books， cars and televisions， is due to the elasticity of the supply of manufactured goods， because the enterprises that produce these goods can make the factories run longer because they react to the rise in prices。
Considering the length of time， the elasticity of supply in the long term is usually greater than that in the short term。 In the short term， enterprises cannot easily change the size of their factories to increase or reduce the production of a product。 In the long run， enterprises can establish new factories or close old factories。 In addition， new enterprises can also enter a market， and old enterprises can also close down。 Therefore， in the long run， the supply can make a considerable response to the price。
03
供給、需求和彈性的應用
如圖，當石油供給減少時，市場反應取決於時間長短在短期中，供給和需求求較為缺乏彈性。因此，當供給曲線由S1移動到S2時．價格大幅度上升。與此相比，在長期中供給與需求較富有彈性，在這種情況下，供給曲線同樣大小的移動（從S1到S2）引起價格小幅度上升。
As shown in the figure， when the oil supply decreases， the market response depends on the length of time。 In the short term， supply and demand are relatively inelastic。 Therefore， when the supply curve moves from S1 to S2， the price rises significantly。 In contrast， in the long run， supply and demand are more elastic。 In this case， the movement of the same size of the supply curve （from S1 to S2） causes the price to rise slightly。
今天的分享就到這裡了，如果您對文章有獨特的想法，歡迎給我們留言。
讓我們相約明天，祝您今天過得開心快樂！
That‘s it for today’s sharing。 If you have a unique idea about the article。please leave us a message。
Let us meet tomorrow I wish you a happy day today！
參考資料：《曼昆經濟學基礎》
翻譯來源：百度翻譯
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文案|雷雅婷
排版|雷雅婷
稽核|閆慶紅